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ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the spatial pattern of natural infection index (NII) for triatomines and the risk of Chagas disease transmission in an endemic area of Northeastern Brazil. An ecological study was conducted, based on 184 municipalities in five mesoregions. The NII for triatomines was evaluated in the Pernambuco State, Brazil, from 2016 to 2018. Spatial autocorrelations were evaluated using Global Moran Index (I) and Local Moran Index (II) and were considered positive when I > 0 and p < 0.05, respectively. In total, 7,302 triatomines belonging to seven different species were detected. Triatoma brasiliensis had the highest frequency (53%; n = 3,844), followed by Triatoma pseudomaculata (25%; n = 1,828) and Panstrongylus lutzi (18.5%; n=1,366). The overall NII was 12%, and the higher NII values were P. lutzi (21%) and Panstrongylus megistus (18%). In the mesoregions of Zona da Mata, Agreste, Sertao, and Sertao do Sao Francisco, 93% of triatomines were detected indoors. The global spatial autocorrelation of I to NII was positive (0.2; p = 0.01), and II values calculated using BoxMap, MoranMap, Lisa Cluster Map were statistically significant for natural infections. With regard to the risk areas for the presence of triatomines, Zone 2 (the Agreste and Sertao regions) presented a relative risk of 3.65 compared to other areas in the state. Our study shows the potential areas of vector transmission of Chagas disease. In this study, the application of different methods of spatial analysis made it possible to locate these areas, which would not have been identified by only applying epidemiological indicators.
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ABSTRACT Background: After decentralizing the actions of the Chagas Disease Control Program (CDCP) in Brazil, municipalities were now responsible for control measures against this endemic, supervised by the Regional Health Superintendencies (RHS). We aimed to evaluate the recent entomological surveillance of Chagas disease in the Regional Health Superintendence of Governador Valadares (RHS/GV) from 2014 to 2019. Methods: Triatomines captured by residents during entomological surveillance were sent to the reference laboratory, where the species and evolutionary stages were identified, place of capture, and presence of Trypanosoma cruzi. A database was created, and the following were calculated: the rate of infection by T. cruzi (overall rate and rate by species), monthly seasonality, spatial distribution of species, number of captures, and infected triatomines/health microregions. Results: We identified 1,708 insects; 1,506 (88.2%) were triatomines, most were adult instars (n=1,469), and few were nymphs (n=37). The identified species were Triatoma vitticeps, Panstrongylus megistus, Panstrongylus diasi, Rhodnius neglectus, and Panstrongylus geniculatus. The first three were most frequently captured and distributed throughout the study area. Most bugs were captured intradomicile (72.5%), mainly in the second semester, between September and November, with an average infection rate of 41.5% (predominantly T. vitticeps, 49.2%). All municipalities sent triatomines, especially in the microregions of Governador Valadares. Conclusions: These data reinforce the need and importance of improving Chagas disease control measures in the region to establish active and participatory entomological surveillance.
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Abstract We report the first known occurrence of Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. In 2018, adult specimens were sent by residents to the competent authorities and, in the inspection of the property, a large focus associated with a marsupial nest was found. This finding reinforces the importance of the species in the state of São Paulo, serves as an alert for epidemiological surveillance and extends the species colonization area in the state of São Paulo.
Resumo Relatamos a primeira ocorrência de Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. Em 2018, espécimes adultos foram enviados por residentes e a pesquisa na propriedade constatou a presença de um grande foco associado a um ninho marsupial. Este achado reforça a importância da espécie no estado de São Paulo, serve de alerta para a vigilância epidemiológica e amplia a área de colonização da espécie no estado de São Paulo.
Subject(s)
Animals , Panstrongylus , Triatominae , Reduviidae , BrazilABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Panstrongylus megistus is the main triatomine involved in the human transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in Minas Gerais, Brazil. We analyzed the occurrence of triatomines in the Itaúna micro-regions for healthcare. METHODS: Data were collected as part of routine entomological surveillance activities, including the species identity, capture site, developmental stage, and trypanosome infection. RESULTS: In total, 503 specimens from five species were captured (495 P. megistus). Adults were mainly captured by residents inside their homes, whereas nymphs were mostly captured by public health professionals outside. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiologically important triatomine, P. megistus, continues to persist in our study region.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Panstrongylus , Trypanosoma cruzi , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Insect VectorsABSTRACT
Abstract The Triatomini tribe consists of ten genera and is regarded as one of the most important tribes from epidemiological point of view. The genus Dipetalogaster Usinger, 1939 is composed only by the species Dipetalogaster maxima Uhler, 1894. This triatomine is exclusive of the Mexico and is a potential vector for Chagas disease. Besides the epidemiological importance, the insects of the Triatominae subfamily are important biological models for cytogenetic studies. Therefore, in order to contribute to the knowledge on the reproductive biology and assist in citotaxonomy of D. maxima, this study aimed to describe spermatogenesis, as well as confirm the karyotype and heterochromatic patterns of this Mexican triatomine species. The seminiferous tubules were torn, fixed to a cover slip and underwent the cytogenetic technique of Lacto-acetic orcein and C-banding. Through the cytogenetics analysis of testicular material D. maxima it was possible to confirm the karyotype (2n = 22), describe the stages of spermatogenesis and characterize the heterochromatic pattern (restricted to sex chromosome Y) of the species. D. maxima showed the same arrangement of heterochromatin described for Triatoma lecticularia (Stål, 1859) (a species that occur in United States of American and Mexico and is phylogenetically related with D. maxima), highlighting the importance of this analysis as an optimization tool to explore phylogenetic correlations.
Resumo A tribo Triatomini consiste em dez gêneros e é considerada uma das tribos mais importantes do ponto de vista epidemiológico. O gênero Dipetalogaster Usinger, 1939 é composto apenas pela espécie Dipetalogaster maxima Uhler, 1894. Este triatomíneo é exclusivo do México e é um vetor potencial da doença de Chagas. Além da importância epidemiológica, os insetos da subfamília Triatominae são importantes modelos biológicos para estudos citogenéticos. Portanto, a fim de contribuir para o conhecimento da biologia reprodutiva e complementar o conceito específico de D. maxima, este trabalho objetivou descrever a espermatogênese, bem como confirmar o padrão cariotípico e heterocromático desta espécie mexicana, com foco citotaxonômico. Os túbulos seminíferos foram dilacerados, fixados em uma lamínula e submetidos à técnica citogenética de Orceína lacto-acética e Bandamento-C. Por meio da análise citogenética do material testicular de D. maxima foi possível confirmar o cariótipo (2n = 22), descrever os estágios da espermatogênese e caracterizar o padrão heterocromático (restrito ao cromossomo Y sexual) da espécie. D. maxima apresentou o mesmo arranjo de heterocromatina descrito para Triatoma lecticularia (Stål, 1859) (espécie que ocorre no México e nos Estados Unidos da América, filogeneticamente relacionada com D. maxima), destacando a importância desta técnica como ferramenta para explorar correlações filogenéticas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Triatoma , Triatominae , Chagas Disease , Phylogeny , MexicoABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION Triatomine bugs are hematophagous insects that are extremely important in public health because they are natural vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. In this study, we aimed to assess the occurrence of triatomine species and the natural T. cruzi infection in the Guaribas Valley territory, an endemic region for Chagas disease in northeastern Brazil. METHODS Insects were actively captured from July 2017 to October 2019 in the intra- and peridomiciles of 16 municipalities of the Guaribas Valley territory, in the southeast area of Piauí state. Triatomine species were identified following a taxonomic key, and natural infection was investigated through insects' fresh feces exams. RESULTS A total of 430 triatomines were collected, including 211 nymphs and 219 adults. Of all collected specimens, 39 (9.1%) were from the intradomiciles and 391 (90.9%) from peridomiciles. Nine species, including two subspecies, could be identified: Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis, T. brasiliensis macromelasoma, T. pseudomaculata, T. sordida, T. juazeirensis, T. melanocephala, Panstrongylus lutzi, Rhodnius domesticus, R. nasutus, and R. robustus. T. brasiliensis were the most frequently collected bugs, representing 72% of all the identified insects. None of the examined invertebrates presented flagellate forms of T. cruzi. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of T. b. macromelasoma and T. juazeirensis in the Guaribas Valley territory. The persistence of triatomine species in the domiciles in an endemic area for Chagas disease emphasizes the relevance of entomological surveillance and vector control measures in the studied area.
Subject(s)
Animals , Triatoma , Trypanosoma cruzi , Triatominae , Chagas Disease , Brazil , Insect VectorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND DNA- and proteomics-based techniques are currently used to identify a triatomine human blood meal. These methods are time consuming, require access to laboratories with sophisticated equipment, and trained personnel. OBJECTIVES We tested a rapid and specific immunochromatographic assay (that detects human blood in forensic samples) to determine if human blood was present in triatomines and their fecal excreta. METHODS We fed Triatoma rubida human blood (positive control) or mouse blood (negative control) and performed the assay on the abdominal contents and fecal excreta. Triatomine field specimens collected in and around human habitations and excreta were also tested. FINDINGS The assay was positive in triatomines fed human blood (N = 5/5) and fecal excreta from bugs known to have ingested human blood (N = 5/5). Bugs feeding on mice (N = 15/15) and their fecal excreta (N = 8/8) were negative for human blood. Human blood was detected in 47% (N = 23/49) triatomines, representing six different species, collected in the field. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The pilot study shows that this rapid and specific test may have applications in triatomine research. Further study is needed to determine the sensitivity of this assay compared to other well-established techniques, such as DNA- and proteomics-based methodologies and the assay's application in the field.
Subject(s)
Humans , Immunoassay , Chromatography, Affinity/methods , Triatominae , Pilot ProjectsABSTRACT
Psammolestes tertius Lent & Jurberg 1965 is a triatomine species part of the tribe Rhodniini. It is only wild and found in bird nests, mostly of the Furnariidae family. This work describes the amazing infestation of a nest of Pseudoseisura cristata in the municipality of Taua, Ceará. The nest harbored a colony with about 40 specimens of P. tertius in all evolutionary stages, all negative for trypanosomatids. A rodent of the species Wiedomys pyrrhorhinos was seen running away from the nest. The materials used to build the nest included the typical natural wigs, and various anthropogenic materials such as razor blades, shaver, fork, sunglasses, metal fragments, fragments of plastic objects, wire, barbed wire, plastic sandal straps, paper, plastic lid, pieces of plastic bags, gas cylinder label, large feathers and the exuviae of a snake.
Subject(s)
Triatominae , Birds , BrazilABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease remains a public health problem in the rural and urban areas of 19 countries in the Americas. METHODS: The aim of the present study was to investigate the Trypanosoma cruzi infection rate of triatomines collected from both intra- and peridomiciliary areas in eleven municipalities of Southeastern Ceará, Brazil, from 2009 to 2015. RESULTS: A total of 32,364 triatomine specimens, including nymphs and adults, were collected, and 31,736 (98.06%) of these were examined. More nymphs were collected than adults, and the greatest number of triatomines (n = 8,548) was collected in 2010, for which the infection rate was 1.3%, with the highest rate of infections observed for specimens from Quixere. The species collected during the study were identified as Triatoma pseudomaculata, Triatoma brasiliensis, Panstrongylus megistus, Panstrongylus lutzi, and Rhodnius nasutus, with T. pseudomaculata being the most abundant (n = 19,962). CONCLUSIONS: These results verify the presence of triatomines in both intra- and peridomiciliary areas, thereby ensuring persistence of the pathogen and consequently, the disease, as the presence of infected vectors in households is an important risk factor. According to these findings, the Chagas Disease Control Program should intensify its efforts in order to prevent the spread of the disease.
Subject(s)
Animals , Panstrongylus/parasitology , Rhodnius/parasitology , Triatoma/parasitology , Insect Vectors/classification , Brazil , Retrospective Studies , Population Density , Chagas Disease/transmission , Insect Vectors/parasitologyABSTRACT
Abstract The Triatomini tribe consists of ten genera and is regarded as one of the most important tribes from epidemiological point of view. The genus Dipetalogaster Usinger, 1939 is composed only by the species Dipetalogaster maxima Uhler, 1894. This triatomine is exclusive of the Mexico and is a potential vector for Chagas disease. Besides the epidemiological importance, the insects of the Triatominae subfamily are important biological models for cytogenetic studies. Therefore, in order to contribute to the knowledge on the reproductive biology and assist in citotaxonomy of D. maxima, this study aimed to describe spermatogenesis, as well as confirm the karyotype and heterochromatic patterns of this Mexican triatomine species. The seminiferous tubules were torn, fixed to a cover slip and underwent the cytogenetic technique of Lacto-acetic orcein and C-banding. Through the cytogenetics analysis of testicular material D. maxima it was possible to confirm the karyotype (2n = 22), describe the stages of spermatogenesis and characterize the heterochromatic pattern (restricted to sex chromosome Y) of the species. D. maxima showed the same arrangement of heterochromatin described for Triatoma lecticularia (Stål, 1859) (a species that occur in United States of American and Mexico and is phylogenetically related with D. maxima), highlighting the importance of this analysis as an optimization tool to explore phylogenetic correlations.
Resumo A tribo Triatomini consiste em dez gêneros e é considerada uma das tribos mais importantes do ponto de vista epidemiológico. O gênero Dipetalogaster Usinger, 1939 é composto apenas pela espécie Dipetalogaster maxima Uhler, 1894. Este triatomíneo é exclusivo do México e é um vetor potencial da doença de Chagas. Além da importância epidemiológica, os insetos da subfamília Triatominae são importantes modelos biológicos para estudos citogenéticos. Portanto, a fim de contribuir para o conhecimento da biologia reprodutiva e complementar o conceito específico de D. maxima, este trabalho objetivou descrever a espermatogênese, bem como confirmar o padrão cariotípico e heterocromático desta espécie mexicana, com foco citotaxonômico. Os túbulos seminíferos foram dilacerados, fixados em uma lamínula e submetidos à técnica citogenética de Orceína lacto-acética e Bandamento-C. Por meio da análise citogenética do material testicular de D. maxima foi possível confirmar o cariótipo (2n = 22), descrever os estágios da espermatogênese e caracterizar o padrão heterocromático (restrito ao cromossomo Y sexual) da espécie. D. maxima apresentou o mesmo arranjo de heterocromatina descrito para Triatoma lecticularia (Stål, 1859) (espécie que ocorre no México e nos Estados Unidos da América, filogeneticamente relacionada com D. maxima), destacando a importância desta técnica como ferramenta para explorar correlações filogenéticas.
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Abstract We report the first known occurrence of Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. In 2018, adult specimens were sent by residents to the competent authorities and, in the inspection of the property, a large focus associated with a marsupial nest was found. This finding reinforces the importance of the species in the state of São Paulo, serves as an alert for epidemiological surveillance and extends the species colonization area in the state of São Paulo.
Resumo Relatamos a primeira ocorrência de Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. Em 2018, espécimes adultos foram enviados por residentes e a pesquisa na propriedade constatou a presença de um grande foco associado a um ninho marsupial. Este achado reforça a importância da espécie no estado de São Paulo, serve de alerta para a vigilância epidemiológica e amplia a área de colonização da espécie no estado de São Paulo.
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Chagas disease prevention remains mostly based on triatomine vector control to reduce or eliminate house infestation with these bugs. The level of adaptation of triatomines to human housing is a key part of vector competence and needs to be precisely evaluated to allow for the design of effective vector control strategies. In this review, we examine how the domiciliation/intrusion level of different triatomine species/populations has been defined and measured and discuss how these concepts may be improved for a better understanding of their ecology and evolution, as well as for the design of more effective control strategies against a large variety of triatomine species. We suggest that a major limitation of current criteria for classifying triatomines into sylvatic, intrusive, domiciliary and domestic species is that these are essentially qualitative and do not rely on quantitative variables measuring population sustainability and fitness in their different habitats. However, such assessments may be derived from further analysis and modelling of field data. Such approaches can shed new light on the domiciliation process of triatomines and may represent a key tool for decision-making and the design of vector control interventions.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Insect Control/methods , Insect Vectors/classification , Triatominae/classification , Chagas Disease/transmission , Ecosystem , Housing , Insect Vectors/physiology , Triatominae/physiologyABSTRACT
Bioactivity of the latex from Parahancornia amapa (Apocynaceae) on the development of Rhodnius nasutus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) under laboratory conditions. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of the methanolic fraction of the latex from Parahancornia amapa (Apocynaceae) (PALAM) on individuals of the species Rhodnius nasutus Stål (Hemiptera, Triatominae). Many of the insects treated with the substance presented deformities and these may interfere in the feeding and possibly hinder the reproductive capacity. They also presented significant mortality during the molt when compared to the control group, noting a gradual increase in mortality. The treated insects also presented delayed nymphal development (5th instar) and higher adult longevity.
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Introduction Rhodnius neglectus is a triatomine that colonizes different palm species. In this study, we aimed to describe the presence of this triatomine bug in the royal palms (Roystonea oleracea) in a rural region of the State of Goiás. Methods Palm infestation was investigated by dissecting the palms or by using live-bait traps. Results Two palm trees were infested by R. neglectus negative for Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent for Chagas disease. In the study area, R. neglectus is frequently found in households. Conclusions The adaptation of this species to palm trees introduced in Brazil for landscaping purposes poses another challenge for controlling the vectors of Chagas disease. .
Subject(s)
Animals , Arecaceae/parasitology , Insect Vectors/physiology , Rhodnius/physiology , Arecaceae/classification , Brazil , Chagas Disease/transmissionABSTRACT
Introduction The aim of the present study was to assess the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a method for detecting Trypanosoma cruzi infection in triatomines that had been previously determined by microscopic examination in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Methods In total, 515 specimens were collected. Material from the digestive tract of each triatomine was analyzed for the presence of T. cruzi by microscopic examination and PCR using the 121/122 primer set. Results Among the 515 specimens tested, 58 (11.3%) were positive by microscopy and 101 (19.61%) were positive by PCR and there was an association between the results of the techniques (χ2 = 53.354, p = 0.001). The main species of triatomine identified was T. sordida (95.5%) Conclusions The use of PCR in entomological surveillance may contribute to a better assessment of the occurrence of T. cruzi in triatomine populations. .
Subject(s)
Animals , DNA, Protozoan/genetics , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Trypanosoma cruzi , Triatominae/parasitology , Brazil , Chagas Disease/transmission , DNA Primers/genetics , DNA, Protozoan/isolation & purification , Insect Vectors/classification , Triatominae/classification , Trypanosoma cruzi/genetics , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
El departamento del Atlántico es considerado no endémico para la enfermedad de chagas; sin embargo, existen factores de riesgo asociados a la presencia de especies vectoras. Según el último registro de distribución de especies de triatominos en Colombia, para este departamento solo se reporta la presencia de la especie Triatoma maculata. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo actualizar la presencia y distribución de especies de triatominos en áreas urbanas, periurbanas y rurales del departamento del Atlántico-Colombia. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo que consistió en analizar los datos de registros de triatominos para el departamento del Atlántico entre los años 2003 al 2010. Durante el periodo estudiado se registraron las especies Panstrongylus geniculatus en los municipios de Piojó, Tubará, Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla, Soledad y Luruaco, Eratyrus cuspidatus en los municipios de Piojó y Tubará y T. maculata en el municipio de Puerto Colombia; ampliando de esta forma la distribución para el departamento del Atlántico y la región del caribe colombiana.
The department of Atlántico in Colombia is considered non-endemic for Chagas disease, however there are risk factors associated with the presence of vector species. According to the last record of distribution of triatomine species in Colombia, this department only reported the presence of Triatoma maculata. The objective of this article a is to update the presence and distribution of triatomine species in urban and rural areas in Atlántico-Colombia. A retrospective study was performed based on Atlántico´s records of triatomines between the years 2003 to 2010. During the period studied the following species were recorded: Panstrongylus geniculatus in the municipalities of Piojó, Tubará, Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla, Soledad and Luruaco; Eratyrus cuspidatus in the municipalities of Piojó and Tubará and T. maculata in Puerto Colombia. These results broaden the distribution of triatomines in Atlántico department and Colombian Caribbean region.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Animals , Chagas Disease/prevention & control , Chagas Disease/virology , Triatoma/growth & development , Public Health , Rural Population , Trypanosoma cruzi , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
The present work tested whether Triatoma pseudomaculata Corrêa & Espínola shows behavioral traits indicating that it is capable of feeding on arthropods. We consistently observed nymphs extending their proboscis in the direction of cockroaches and attempting to bite. Insects presented a preference for biting specific cockroach body parts. Our results suggest that arthropod hemolymph represents an alternative source of food that increases the survival of T. pseudomaculata individuals undergoing long starvation.
Subject(s)
Animals , Periplaneta/parasitology , Triatoma/physiology , Feeding BehaviorABSTRACT
El hallazgo de Rhodnius prolixus y Triatoma maculata (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) con Rhopalurus laticauda (Scorpiones, Buthidae) en palmas permitió ampliar los conocimientos sobre la ecología de estos artrópodos. Para ello se estudió la presencia de ambos artrópodos en Cocos nucifera - palma de coco (n = 14) y Acrocomia aculeata - palma corozo (n = 14), de peridomicilios del municipio Bolívar, noreste del estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela. Se contabilizó, en 28 palmeras, un total de 114 ejemplares de R. laticauda, 223 de T. maculata (con 62,8% de infección con Trypanosoma cruzi) y 328 de R. prolixus (con 88,1% de infección con T. cruzi). Los resultados demostraron simpatría de ambos grupos zoológicos en los ecotopos estudiados, con mayor abundancia de T. maculata y R. prolixus en C. nucifera (P = 0,00001) y de R. laticauda en A. aculeata (P = 0,006). La presencia de triatominos infectados con T. cruzi en C. nucifera en el noreste de Anzoátegui, es de significación epidemiológica por la estrecha relación de esta palma con el hábitat antrópico, a lo cual se suma el papel similar para A. aculeata como palma de menor uso en la vivienda rural campesina. Correspondido con la simpatría de estos artrópodos, es posible que R. laticauda pueda actuar como depredador sobre los triatominos.
The finding of Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma maculata (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) together with Rhopalurus laticauda (Scorpiones, Buthidae) in palms enabled us to widen our knowledge of the ecology of these arthropods. The presence of these arthropods in peridomicilar Cocos nucifera - coconut palm (n = 14) and Acrocomia aculeata - grugu palm (n = 14), in Bolívar municipality, northeast Anzoátegui state, Venezuela, was studied. A total of 114 R. laticauda, 223 T. maculata (62.8% infected with Trypanosoma cruzi) and 328 R. prolixus (88.1% infected with T. cruzi) insects were counted in 28 palms. The results showed that the zoological groups were sympatric in the ecotopes studied, although T. maculata and R. prolixus were more abundant in C. nucifera (P = 0.00001) and R. laticauda in A. aculeata (P = 0.006). The presence of triatomes infected with T. cruzi in C. nucifera in northeastern Anzoátegui is epidemiologically significant due to the strong association of this palm to human habitation, as well as the role played by A. aculeata as a less used palm for rural dwellings. The sympatry of these arthropods leads us to suggest that R. laticauda could act as a predator of these triatomes.
Subject(s)
Animals , Heteroptera , Reduviidae , Rhodnius , Scorpions , Triatominae , Hemiptera , Insecta , TriatomaABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: from an epidemiological point of view, more than 120 species of triatomine (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) are known. The occurrence and positivity for Trypanosoma cruzi in triatomines in 16 municipalities of the Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba were evaluated from January 2002 to December 2004. METHODS: the triatomines were captured basically according to the classic norms of the National Health Foundation. The parasitological exams of the triatomines were conducted according to the technique described by the Ministry of Health. During the study period, 990 specimens of triatomines were captured and of these, 771 could be examined. RESULTS: five species were identified: Triatoma sordida, Panstrongylus diasi, Panstrongylus megistus, Panstrongylus geniculatus and Rhodnius neglectus. Triatoma sordida represented 71.5 percent of all the triatomines captured, followed by Panstrongylus megistus (18 percent), Rhodnius neglectus (9.3 percent), Panstrongylus diasi (0.8 percent) and Panstrongylus geniculatus (0.4 percent). Of the total number of triatomines examined, 2.7 percent were positive for Trypanosoma cruzi. Panstrongylus megistus was the species that presented the highest rates of infection by Trypanosoma cruzi (8.3 percent), followed by Rhodnius neglectus (2.9 percent) and Triatoma sordida (1.4 percent). CONCLUSIONS: there is a need to adapt to new circumstances in epidemiology, with greater emphasis on entomological surveillance, since the potential for adaptation of secondary species of triatomines exists, especially where Chagas' disease is already under control.
INTRODUÇÃO: do ponto de vista epidemiológico mais de 120 espécies de triatomíneos (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) são conhecidas. A ocorrência e a positividade de Trypanosoma cruzi em triatomíneos de 16 municípios do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba foram avaliadas de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2004. MÉTODOS: os triatomíneos foram capturados seguindo basicamente as normas clássicas da Fundação Nacional de Saúde. Os exames parasitológicos dos triatomíneos foram conduzidos de acordo com a técnica descrita pelo Ministério da Saúde. Durante o período de estudo, foram capturados 990 exemplares de triatomíneos, sendo que 771 dos capturados estavam em condições de serem examinados. RESULTADOS: cinco espécies foram identificadas: Triatoma sordida, Panstrongylus diasi, Panstrongylus megistus, Panstrongylus geniculatus e Rhodnius neglectus. Triatoma sordida representou 71,5 por cento de todos os triatomíneos capturados, seguido por Panstrongylus megistus (18 por cento), Rhodnius neglectus (9,3 por cento), Panstrongylus diasi (0,8 por cento) e Panstrongylus geniculatus (0,4 por cento). Dos triatomíneos examinados, 2,7 por cento foram positivos para Trypanosoma cruzi. Panstrongylus megistus foi a espécie que apresentou a maior taxa de infecção por Trypanosoma cruzi (8,3 por cento), seguida pelo Rhodnius neglectus (2,9 por cento) e Triatoma sordida (1,4 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: há necessidade de se adequar às novas circunstâncias epidemiológicas com ênfase na vigilância entomológica, uma vez que o potencial de adaptação de espécies secundárias de triatomíneos, em áreas onde a doença de Chagas está controlada, é uma preocupação.
Subject(s)
Animals , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Triatominae/parasitology , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purification , Brazil , Chagas Disease/transmission , Insect Vectors/classification , Species Specificity , Triatominae/classificationABSTRACT
The influence of blood meal and mating on Triatoma brasiliensis (Neiva) female fecundity, fertility, life-span and the preoviposition period were investigated under laboratory conditions. Nourishment increased fecundity, fertility and adult lifespan, whereas mating increased fecundity, fertility and decreased the preoviposition period. Females also required more than one mating to reach their full reproductive potential. Results indicate that both nourishment and mating are important in T. brasiliensis proliferation. Such information will help towards developing effective control strategies of this vector of Chagas disease.